ВСТУП

       У системі вищої професійної освіти дисципліна «Англійська мова професійного спрямування» викладається з орієнтацією на спеціальність студентів. На відміну від інших дисциплін, іноземна мова є одночасно і метою, і засобом навчання: метою вивчення іноземної мови за професійним спрямуванням є формування спеціалізованої компетенції у сферах професійного та ситуативного спілкування, оволодіння новітньою фаховою інформацією через іноземні джерела. Принцип комунікативності є провідним методичним прийомом, який сприяє успішному досягненню мети - навчити студентів здійснювати іншомовне мовленнєве спілкування в межах засвоєного навчального матеріалу.

       Даний навчальний посібник укладено з метою формування вмінь професійного англомовного спілкування у студентів факультету фізичного виховання. Посібник відповідає професійній спрямованності, яка проявляється в тематиці текстів, характері завдань, у вправах і укладеному словнику спортивної термінології.

       Навчальний посібник складається з 16 основних розділів (Units), матеріалів для додаткового читання (ComprehensiveReading), англо-українського словника фахової спортивної термінології (English-UkrainianVocabularyofSportTerms), списка рекомендованої літератури, таблиці англійських неправильних дієслів (Додаток А). Кожен розділ містить тексти зі спортивної тематики англійською мовою, словниковий мінімум з перекладом (Notes), вправи для розвитку мовних навичок і мовленнєвих умінь у професійно-орієнтованому спілкуванні. Автентичні тексти підібрано тематично, диференційовано за рівнем складності і ступенем засвоєння лексики. До кожного тексту складено вправи як на розуміння змісту прочитаного, так і на вилучення необхідної інформації (Speechexercises). Для повного розуміння тексту студентам рекомендується переглянути термінологічний словник (English-UkrainianVocabularyofSportTerms). Потім проводиться традиційна аудиторна робота над текстом з аналітичним читанням, контролем розуміння і первинним закріпленням за допомогою вправ і завдань, які додаються до тексту.Для розвитку навичок усного мовлення студентам пропонуються діалоги, вивчення та складання яких допоможе в подальшому спілкуватися студентам англійською мовою, використовуючи спортивну термінологію. Граматичні вправи (Grammarexercises) супроводжуються теоретичним  граматичним коментарем та мають за мету опрацювання форм і правил використання основних граматичних явищ, які входять до нормативного курсу університетської програми, і передбачають створення динамічного стереотипу у використанні найбільш поширених граматичних конструкцій на основі широкого вживання мовного моделювання.

       Матеріали для додаткового читання (ComprehensiveReading) мають за мету більш ретельне опрацювання текстів і післятекстових завдань для формування мовної здогадки та підвищення рівня комунікативної компетенції.

       Посібник  призначається  як для аудиторних занять, так і для самостійної та

індивідуальної робіт студентів факультету фізичного виховання.

Unit 1

Sportsinourlife

People all over the world are fond of sports and games. Sport makes people healthy, keeps them fit, more organized and better disciplined. It unites people of different classes and nationalities.

Many people do sports on their personal initiative. They go in for skiing, skating, table tennis, swimming, volleyball, football, bodybuilding, etc.

All necessary facilities are provided for them: stadiums, sports grounds, swimming pools, skating-rinks, skiing station, football fields.

 Sport is paid much attention to in our educational establishments. Gymnastics is a part of children's daily activities in the kindergartens.

Physical culture is a compulsory subject at schools and colleges.

Professional sport is also paid much attention to in our country.

Practically all kinds of sports are popular in our country but football, gymnastics and tennis enjoy the greatest popularity.

As for me I go in for table-tennis (ping-pong). It needs mobility, liveliness and much energy. It keeps a person in a good form.

I have been playing tennis for 5 years, but the more I play the more I like it. I get a real joy taking part in competitions or simply playing with my friends. Sometimes I go to tennis courts.

Certainly there is a great distance between my manner of playing and such   favourites as Jim Courier, Stephan Edberg, Pete Sampras, Boris Becker, Per Korda, but I do my training with great pleasure and hope to play as well as our best players do.

Notes:

all over the world - в усьому світі

to be fond of - любити, захоплюватись

healthy - здоровий

tokeepfit - підтримувати гарну форму, бути у формі

personal initiative - особова ініціатива

necessary facilities - необхідне знаряддя

to pay much attention to - приділяти велику увагу

dailyactivity - щоденна діяльність

acompulsorysubject - обов'язковий предмет

to enjoy popularity - набути популярність

to take part in competitions - брати участь у змаганнях

a great distance - велика відстань

educational establishments - навчальні заклади

to go in for - займатись видом спорту

liveliness- жвавість

mobility - рухливість

Speech exercises

I. Answer the following questions, compose a short summary of the text 

    based on your answers:

1. Why are people all over the world fond of sports and games?

2. What kind of sports do people go in for?

3. What sports facilities are sportsmen provided with?

4. What is a part of children's daily activity in the kindergartens?

5. Where is physical culture a compulsory subject?

6. What kinds of sports enjoy the greatest popularity in our country?

7. What does table tennis need?

8. What famous tennis players do you know?

II. True or false:

1. Physical culture is a compulsory subject at schools and colleges.

2. Football is a part of children's daily activities in the kindergartens.

3. Many people do not do sports on their personal initiative.

4. Table-tennis needs mobility, liveliness and much energy.

5. The good rest keeps a person in a good form.

6. Only boxing unites people of different classes and nationalities.

III. Insert prepositions:

1.Sportsmen take part ___ Olympic Games.

2.Sports unite people ___ different countries.

3.We are students ____the faculty ___ physical culture.

4.____ winter we have holidays ____ one week.

5.Do you come _____ University ____ time?

6.Physical culture is compulsory subject ____ schools and kindergartens.

7.I go ____ gymnastics. It keeps me ____ a good form.

8.They play tennis _____ sports grounds.

9.I always take part _____ competitions.

10.My little sister goes _____  school.

IV. Read,translate and retellthedialogue. Play the dialogue changing      

differentkinds of sports:

A: Do you go in for any kind of sports?

B: It goes without saying. You can't imagine how many sports I tried to go in for. When I was 5 my parents took me to the swimming-pool. But I was afraid of water and my parents' wish to make me a good swimmer failed.

A: So, you can't swim.

You can't enjoy yourself going to the sea or to the river?

B: You are mistaken. When I became older I did my best to learn to swim.

     To be exact my father helped me: one fine summer day he threw me off the boat and I had nothing else to do but to swim.

     Later I began to play football.

A: I guess you belong to some famous football club.

Or is it any amateur team?

B: Surely, I was trained by a coach in the sports club. I even took part in some competitions and was a good goal-keeper...

But one of my friends told me about boxing and soon I tried myself on the rink.

A: How long did it last?

B: Not very long. Then I went in for basketball, and now I am fond of fencing.

A: My Lord! You can do everything: run, jump, swim, play football, box ...what not!

V. Learn the following proverbs and sayings. Compose short essays on  

     their meanings:

       A sound mind in a sound body.A healthy mind in a healthy body - У здоровому тілі здоровий дух.

Health is better than wealth - Найбільше багатство - здоров'я.

In sports and journeys men are known - Люди пізнаються у змаганнях і мандрах.

Grammar exercises

       I. Study the grammar commentaries:

§1. The Present Indefinite Tense

Дієслово у формі Present Indefinite представляє дію як факт і вживається для вираження постійної або повторюваної через певні проміжки часу дії стосовно теперішнього часу.

Стверджувальна форма дієслова в PresentIndefinite у всіх особах однини і множини, окрім третьої особи однини, співпадає з інфінітивом (неозначеною формою дієслова) без частки to:

I work.                Япрацюю.

We work.            Ми працюємо.

Youwork.           Ви працюєте. (Ти працюєш.)

Theywork.          Вони працюють.

У третій особі однини в PresentIndefinite до інфінітива (без частки to) додається закінчення -s або -es:

to speak - he speaks

to help - she helps

to rain - it rains

Більшість дієслів у третій особі однини мають закінчення -s.

Закінчення -es вживається у наступних випадках:

а) якщо основа дієслова закінчується на -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -tch, -x:

to dress - she dresses

to wash - he washes

to teach - he teaches

to watch - she watches

tomix - hemixes

б) якщо основа дієслова закінчується на -у з попередньою приголосною, при цьому перед -es буква -у змінюється на -і:

tostudy - hestudies

to cry - she cries

(Якщо ж перед -у стоїть голосна, то до дієслова додається тільки -s:

to play - he plays, to stay - she stays)

в) якщо основа дієслова закінчується на -о:

to go - he goes

to do - he does

Дієслово tohave  у третій особі однини має форму has:

He has a new case.

Заперечна форма Present Indefinite утворюється із допоміжного дієслова to doв Present Indefinite, заперечної частки not і інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to:

I do not (don't) work.

We do not (don't) work.

You do not (don't) work.

He does not (doesn't) work.

She does not (doesn't) work.

It does not (doesn't) work.

They do not (don't) work.

Запитальна форма Present Indefinite (загальне запитання) утворюється із допоміжного дієслова to doв Present Indefinite і інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to.

Допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом (групою підмета):

DoIwork?

Do we work?

Do you work?

Does he work?

Does she work?

Does it work?

Do they work?

§2. Present Indefinite дієслова to be

В PresentIndefinite дієслово tobe відмінюється не за загальним правилом:

I am a lawyer.                    We are lawyers.

You are a lawyer.              You are lawyers.

He is a lawyer.                   They are lawyers.

She is a lawyer.

It is a lawyer.

В усному мовленні в більшості випадків вживаються скорочені формиI'm, we're, you're, he's, she's, it's, they're.

У заперечній формі після дієслова tobeставиться частка not:

I am not guilty.

She is not his defendant.

They are not in the courtroom.

В усному мовленні замість isnotі arenotзазвичай вживаються скорочені форми isn't і aren't;amnotскороченої форми не має.

У запитальній формі дієслово tobe ставиться перед підметом:

Am I right?

Are you sure?

Is he innocent?

II. Fill in the blanks with the required forms of the verb «to be» in the Present Indefinite Tense:

1.I ___ twenty.

2.They ____ sportsmen.

3.He ____ a boxer.

4.She ____ a swimmer.

5.I ____ a student of the University.

6.She ____ a very good friend.

7.Many students of our University ____ Masters of Sport.

8.They ____ very busy in summer.

9.One of my friends___ fond of football. Indeed, it ____ the most popular kind of sports.

10. I ____ glad to hear that she ____ well.

11. My uncle _____ a postgraduate.

III. Insert articles where necessary:

1.This is ____ ball.

2.She is my ___ coach.

3.This is____room for gymnastics.

4.Is ___ training suit in ___ bag?

5.Is ___ teacher in ____ classroom?

6.___children we saw in __ street are schoolchildren.

7.Gymnastics is ___ part of children's daily activities.

IV. Use personal pronouns in the correct form:

1. ___ at my room now. 2. ___ often  meets his  friends at   the University. 3. ___ do our home task in  the evening. 4. ___ always helps her mother about the  house.

5. ___ sometimes have our training lessons on the sports grounds. 6. Do ____ keep your books in order? 7. ___ ask our coach many questions at our training lessons. 8. ___ seldom miss my English lessons. 9. ___ likes to do her morning exercises to music. 10. ____ make few mistakes in their English dictations.

        Unit 2

Sports in Britain

The British are mad about sports. In fact they like watching sports more than playing them. The British are spectators and the most popular spectator sports are cricket and football.

Football is the most popular game. Football or soccer is an example of a professional game. The game of football was first played in Britain and later people began to play it in other countries.

There are many amateur soccer players in Britain who play the game on Saturday and Sunday afternoon.

Amateur clubs often play against professionals.

Almost every school has its football team and every boy in Britain knows a lot about the game. He can tell you the names of the players in the most importantteams, he has pictures of them and knows the results of many matches.

Rugby is another popular British sport which is played in other countries. It is    also called rugby football.

The story is told that in 1823 boys at Rugby school in England played football in the normal way when suddenly one boy picked the ball up and ran with it. That was how a new game was born.

There are two forms of rugby football: the amateur game and the professional game. The two games have different rules.

 Football is the favourite winter game in Britain and cricket is the favourite summer sport. Amateur cricket has the same rules as the professional game. A typical amateur cricket match takes place on a village green, an open space in the centre of the village. It is played between two teams - the hometeam and the visitorswho come from another village.

        Notes:

to be  madof sports - дуже любити спорт

spectators - глядачі

soccer - футбол

amateursoccer - аматорський футбол

topickup - піднімати

differentrules - різні правила; правила, що відрізняються одне від одного

favouritegame - улюблена гра

totakeplace - мати місце, відбуватися

villagegreen - сільська лука

openspace - відкрите місце

Speech exercises

I. Answer the following questions, compose a short summary of the text 

    based on your answers:

1.What reputation do the British have as for sports?

2.What do they like more: to watch or to play sports?

3.What country was football played first?

4.What can you say about almost every English boy?

5.What does the story tell us about rugby?

6.How many forms of rugby are there in England?

7.Where do they play it?

8.  Is the rugby popular in your country?

9.  Do you know the rules of rugby?

II. True or false:

1. The British are mad about sports.

2. Rugby is another popular French sport which is played in other countries.

3. Amateur cricket has different rules as the professional game.

4. Almost every school has its football team.

5. Football is also called rugby football.

III. Insert prepositions where necessary:

1. We are ____ lesson now. 2. ____ winter we go in for skating. 3. He gave her a big bunch ____ flowers. 4. He was devoted _____ his friends. 5. Many pages ____ this book are torn. 6. He was cured ____ a very skillful ____ the most beautiful picture. 7. ____ten minutes everybody was ____ desks. 8. We are proud _____ our sportsmen.

IV. Read,translate and retellthedialogue. Play the dialogue changing      

different kinds of sports:

V: Hello, Nick, glad to see you. Where are you hurrying?

N: Hello, Victor. I am hurrying to the stadium. You see, now I am a student of the Physical Culture faculty. I have my training lessons every day. Today it begins at 8 o'clock.

V: It must be very interesting. May I accompanyyou and see your training?

N: Of course, you may. Besides, we can talk on our way there. Do you go in for any kind of sports? As much as I know, you don't.

V: No, my friend, this time you are mistaken. Quite recently I began to play badminton.

N: I like this game too. But my favourite kind of sport is gymnastics because it develops one most harmoniously.

V: You are quite right.

N: Here is the stadium. I have some ten minutes at my disposal. Excuse me, I must run to the cloak-room to put on my sporting suit. Just wait, in some minutes I'll be ready and we'll go to the place where we have our training. 

Grammar exercises

       I. Study the grammar commentaries:

§1. ThePastIndefiniteTense

PastIndefinite вживається для вираження одноразової чи постійної дії у минулому. Час минулої дії часто уточнюється обставинами часу yesterday вчора, thedaybeforeyesterday позавчора, lastweekминулого тижня, lastyear минулого року, lastsummer минулого літа, fiveminutesago п'ять хвилин тому, twoyearsago два роки тому, theotherday недавно, на днях.

PastIndefinite правильних дієслів утворюється додаванням до інфінітива без частки toзакінчення -ed, яке вимовляється так:

[t] - після глухих приголосних, крім t:

to ask - asked [a:skt]

to like - liked [laɪkt]

[d] - після дзвінких приголосних, крім d, і після голосних:

to live - lived [lɪvd]

to answer - answered [´a:nsəd]

to murder - murdered [´mə:dəd]

[ɪd] - після t, d, te, de:

to profit - profited [´profɪtɪd]to defend - defended [dɪ´fendɪd]

to hate - hated [heɪtɪd]to decide - decided [dɪ´saɪdɪd]

Дієслова в PastIndefinite не змінюються за особами та числами, вони мають однакову форму  в усіх особах однини і множини:

I worked.                    We worked.

You worked.               You worked.

He worked.                 They worked.

She worked.

It worked.

Правила написання Past Indefinite правильних дієслів:

а) якщо інфінітив закінчується на букву -е, то в PastIndefinite перед закінченням -ed вона не пишеться:

toaccuse - accused

topromote - promoted

б) якщо інфінітив закінчується на букву -у, перед якою стоїть приголосна, то перед закінченням -ed вона змінюється на -і:

tostudy - studied

to carry - carried

в) якщо інфінітив закінчується на одну приголосну букву, якій передує короткий наголошений голосний звук, то кінцева приголосна перед -ed подвоюється:

to permit [pə´mɪt]- permitted

to rob - robbed

г) кінцева буква rподвоюється, якщо останній склад наголошений і не має дифтонга:

to prefer - preferred

to occur - occurred

д) кінцева буква lподвоюється, якщо їй передує короткий голосний звук (наголошений або ненаголошений):

to travel - travelled

to control - controlled

Past Indefinite неправильних дієслів (друга колонка в таблиці неправильних дієслів) утворюється по-різному, у більшості випадків чергуванням голосних і приголосних звуків кореня:

to steal - stole

to write - wrote

to send - sent

Past Indefinite деяких неправильних дієслів співпадає з формою інфінітива без частки to:

to put - put

to cost - cost

to cut - cut

Форми PastIndefinite дієслів togo і to beутворюються від інших коренів:

to go - went

to be - was/were

Заперечна форма Past Indefinite правильних і неправильних дієслів утворюється із допоміжного дієслова to doв Past Indefinite (did), заперечної частки not і інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to:

I did not (didn't) work.                We did not (didn't) work.

You did not (didn't) work.           They did not (didn't) work.

He did not (didn't) work.             They did not (didn't) work.

She did not (didn't) work.

It did not (didn't) work.

He did not (didn't) steal that watch.

She did not (didn't) go to the court.

Запитальна форма Past Indefinite (загальне запитання) правильних і неправильних дієслів утворюється із допоміжного дієслова to doв Past Indefinite(did) і інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to. Допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом (групою підмета):

DidIwork?               Did we work?

Did you work?          Did you work?

Did he work?             Did they work?

Did she work?

Did it work?

Did he steal that watch?

Did she go to the court?

§2. Past Indefinite дієслова to be

В Past Indefinite дієслово to be відмінюється не за загальним правилом:

I was a judge.                    We were judges.

You were a judge.             You were judges.

He was a judge.                 They were judges.

She was a judge.

It was a judge.

У заперечній формі після дієслова tobeставиться частка not:

I was not late.

She was not the culprit.

They were not at the scene of the crime.

В усному мовленні замість was notі were notзазвичай вживаються скорочені форми wasn't і weren't.

У запитальній формі дієслово tobe ставиться перед підметом:

Am I wrong?

Are you certain?

Is he guilty?

§3. The Future Indefinite Tense

FutureIndefinite - часова форма дієслова, яка виражає дію, що відбудеться у майбутньому.

FutureIndefinite утворюється із допоміжного дієслова will (у першій особі однини і множини можна також вживати shall) і інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to. В усному мовленні замість will іshall зазвичай вживається скорочена форма 'll (апостроф + ll), яка на письмі приєднується до підмета:

I will (I'll) work.           We will (We'll) work.

You will (You'll) work.         You will (You'll) work.

He will (He'll) work.             They will (they'll) work.

She will (She'll) work.

It will (It'll) work.

У заперечній формі після допоміжного дієслова вживається частка not:

We will not go there.

He will not help us.

В усному мовленні переважно вживаються скорочені форми won't [wɔunt] замість willnot:

I won't tell you the truth.

He won't come in time.

Shewon'tbelate.

У запитальній формі допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом:

Will you come to the trial?

Will they sign the contract?

У підрядних реченнях часу і умови після сполучників if, when, as soon as, before, after, till (until)для вираження майбутньої дії замість Future Indefinite вживається Present Indefinite:

If I see him, I'll tell him about the trial.

We'll let you know when the judge announces the verdict.

II. Fill in the blanks with the required forms of the verb «to have»:

1. Alice (to have) a lot of friends. 2. We (to have) English classes twice a week. 3. My parents (to have) a lot of books. 4. My cousin (to have) a new car. 5. My brother and my sister (to have) children. 6. Her friend (to have) a big family. 7. Our city (to have) many big metallurgical plants. 8. In the modern life money (to have) various uses. 9. My grandparents (to have) a comfortable three-room flat.

III. Fill in the blanks with the required forms of the verb «to be» in the Past        Indefinite Tense:

1. I ___ at home yesterday. 2. You ___ twenty a year ago. 3. We ___ young and happy. 4. My aim ___ to win the competitions. 5. My friends ___at the party last week. 6. My parents ___ at the theatre yesterday. 7. Our father ___ at the stadium last Sunday. He saw the football match. 8. They ___ happy to see him again. 9. It ___ the best day in my life.

IV. Translate the following sentences into English using the Present,Past and Future Indefinite Tense:

        1. Моя сестра зараз на заняттях. 2. Я буду тренуватися завтра. 3. Ми були у наших друзів вчора. 4. Я зараз у спортивному залі. 5. Мої батьки у театрі. 6. Його батьки - науковці. 7. Моєму батькові виповниться 50 років в наступному місяці. 8. Мої друзі, можливо, завтра будуть на вечірці.

V. Insertarticleswherenecessary:

        1. Heplanstogoabroadby ___ train; I'llgothereby ___ plane. 2. There were many foreign guests at ____ congress. 3. He came into _____ room and stopped at ____ his desk. 4. We planted ____ tree at ____ corner of ____ house. 5. The fruit is three for ____ dollar. 6. He painted _____ picture with ____ brush. 7. I haven't seen ____ parents for 2 years. 8. We listened to ____ lecturer with great attention. 9. We didn't translate ____ text into ____ Ukrainian. 10. Don't divide ___ text into ____ two parts.

    Unit 3

Sport

Sport is probably as old as the humanity itself.

It has been developing with the developing and growth of the mankind.

All over the world people of different ages are very fond of sports and games.

Sport not only helps people to become strong and to develop physically but also makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily activities.

It makes for a healthy mind in a healthy body.

We all need to exercise. Even if you don't plan to make a career in sport you still have to practice. Regular exercises give you more energy.

That is why many people who suffer from general tiredness should take more exercises than rest.

Exercises make you feel and look better.

The best exercises is one which involves in repeated movements, those are: walking, jogging or swimming.

Bending and stretching will add flexibility and feeling of lightness.

Among the sports popular in our country are: football, basketball, swimming, volleyball, ice-hockey, tennis, gymnastics.

A person can choose sports and games for any season, for any taste.

        Notes:  

      humanity - людство

      developing and growth - розвиток і ріст

mankind - людство

dailyactivity - повсякденна діяльність

      heady mind in a healthy body - здоровий розум у здоровому тілі

      toinvolveinrepeatedmovements - вміщують рухи, що повторюються

jogging - біг підтюпцем

exercise - фізичне навантаження

      bending and stretching - нахили та розтягнення

      flexibility - гнучкість

       for any taste - на будь-який смак

         tiredness - втома

         better disciplined - більш дисциплінований

        Speech exercises

I. Answer the following questions, compose a short summary of the text 

    based on your answers:

1.How old is sport?

2.What ages people are fond of sport?

3.How does sport help people?

4.What do regular exercises give people?

5.Why should people take more exercises than rest?

6.What is the best exercise?

       II. True or false:

       1. It makes for a healthy mind in a healthy body.

       2. Sport is probably as young as the humanity itself.

       3. Regular exercises give you less energy.

       4. Bending and stretching will add flexibility and feeling of lightness.       

       III. Insert prepositions where necessary:

1. The cups are ___ the table. 2. Sport has been developing ___ mankind. 3. Sport disciplines people ___ their daily activity. 4. People who suffer ___ general tiredness should take more exercises. 5. Football, basketball and swimming are very popular ___ students. 6. Everybody can choose sports ___ any season. 

IV. Read,translate and retellthedialogue. Play the dialogue changing      

different periods and places:

Mary: Good morning, Nina. You are up and about so early today.

What time do you usually get up?

Nina: As a rule, I get up at half past six.

Mary: Why so early?

Nina: You see, my house is far from the University and I have to be late for my lessons.

Mary: How do you get your University?

Nina: I take a bus but sometimes if I have time I go on foot.

And what about you? When does your working day begin?

Mary: My working day begins at 7 o'clock.

Nina: You look very fit.

Do you do your daily dozen every morning?

Mary: Oh, yes, of course. I do my morning exercises and after that I take a cold shower.

Nina: Oh, Mary, there is only 20 minutes to wash and dress and to get the University.

       Grammar exercises

       I. Study the grammar commentaries:

§1. TypesofInterrogativeSentences

За характером запитання в англійській мові виділяють чотири типи питальних речень: загальні запитання (generalquestions), спеціальні запитання (specialquestions), альтернативні запитання (alternativequestions) і розділові запитання (disjunctivequestions).

Загальними називаються запитання, на які можна відповісти yes або no:

1. На початку загального запитання стоїть допоміжне дієслово, за ним підмет, за яким слідує основне дієслово:

Do you know any of her friends?

Does she have a lawyer?

Did he commit that crime?

Will they testify?

Have they finished yet?

Якщо присудком є дієслово tobe в Present і PastIndefinite, то в загальних запитаннях воно ставиться на початку речення:

Are you honest about this matter?

Was he in a hurry?

2. Питання до окремих членів речення називаються спеціальними. Вони починаються питальними словами who - хто, what - що, який, where - де, куди, when - коли, why - чому, how - як, howmany,howmuch - скільки та ін.:

Серед спеціальних запитань розрізняють:

а) запитання до різних членів речення, крім підмета і його означення. У таких запитаннях після питального слова порядок слів такий самий, як і в загальних запитаннях: допоміжне дієслово, підмет, основне дієслово, а потім інші члени речення:

Where do you live?

How did you meet her?

When will they come?

Why have you done it?

б) запитання до підмета і його означення. У таких запитаннях порядок слів такий же, як у розповідному реченні - інверсії немає, допоміжне дієслово todo в Present і PastIndefinite не вживається. Питальне слово є підметом, і після нього, як і в розповідному реченні, стоїть присудок:

Who runs this company?

What happened yesterday?

Who will testify?

What has happened?

Якщо питальне слово - означення до підмета, після нього безпосередньо ставиться підмет, а потім присудок:

Whose witness will testify first?

What evidence clarified everything?

3. Альтернативні запитання - це запитання вибору. Вони складаються з двох частин, об'єднаних сполучником. Альтернативні запитання можуть мати структуру як загальних, так і спеціальних запитань. Якщо альтернативне запитання не відноситься до підмета, воно вимагає повної відповіді:

Ishe guilty or innocent?

Has he robbed the shop or the office?

Where does he live: in New York or Washington?

Якщо альтернативне запитання відноситься до підмета, то допоміжне дієслово вживається також і перед другим підметом. Таке питання вимагає короткої відповіді:

Do you or does your wife work there?

Did you or did your brother testify yesterday?

4. Розділове запитання складається з двох частин. Першою частиною є  розповідне речення у стверджувальній чи заперечній формі, друга - коротке загальне запитання, яке складається з підмета, вираженого особовим займенником, відповідним до підмета першої частини, і допоміжного дієслова.

Якщо перша частина розділового запитання має стверджувальну форму, то у другій використовується заперечна структура, а після заперечної першої частини друга має стверджувальну форму. Перша частина розділового запитання має стверджувальну форму, якщо той, хто запитує, сподівається на стверджувальну відповідь, і заперечну, якщо очікується заперечна відповідь:

You've brought all the documents with you, haven't you?

You haven't seen him yet, have you?

But she loves you, doesn't she?

I didn't say that, did I?

You want some money, don't you?

II.Putallpossiblequestionstothefollowingsentences:

1.Our sportsmen are always in good form.

2. Her books are on the table.

III. Insert articles where necessary, putallpossiblequestions:

1. Sport is as old as ___ humanity itself. 2. I don't plan to make ___ career in sports. 3. ___ best exercise is any exercise that involves in many repeated movements. 4. When he was ___ student of ___ first course, he went in for ___ swimming. 5. I am afraid they lost ___ competition.  

IV. Put the nouns in their plurals:

A man, a boy, a brother, an uncle, a dish, a knife, a horse, a day, a wolf, a box, a deer, a foot, a child, a woman.

        V. Make the sentences in plural, putallpossiblequestionsto them:

 1. My brother is a student. 2. Where is the key? 3. Our room is big. 4. Her family is small. 5. That is a book. 6. Here is a pencil. 7. What is the answer? 8. Take the cup off the table. 9. I can see a deer. 10. Money is the root of evil.

       Unit 4

The Man

Human body is a marvel of construction. Every part of human body has its own duty which it performs without difficulty as long as the man takes care of his health.

The body consists of the following parts: a head, a torso and limbs. Our head is the centre of all bodily activity. The forehead, the eyes, the eyebrows, and the eyelashes, the nose, the mouth, the teeth, the tongue, the lips, the cheeks and the chin make the face.

The eyes and ears are very important organs. We see with our eyes and we hear with our ears.

The main parts of the torso are the chest, the shoulders, the blades, the back, the waist and the hips.

The legs which consist of a thigh, a calf, an ankle and a foot help us to move about. The foot in its turn consists of heel, a sile, an instep, toes and a ball.

The arms have an armpit, the upper-arm, an elbow, a forearm and a hand. The wrist is the joint which unites the arm with the hand.

The hand consists of a palm, a back of the hand, four fingers (forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, little finger) and a thumb.

If we are not careful enough we may sprain an ankle, twist a blade, pull a muscle, strain the eyes, break a leg or an arm and even have a head trouble.

The surest way to keep fit is to go in for sport all our life. So, let's make it our motto.

Notes:

human body - людське тіло

marvelofconstruction - чудо будівництва

itsownduty - особисте зобов'язання

aslongas - доки... доти

atorso - торс

limbs - кінцівки

forehead - чоло

eyebrows - брови

tongue - язик

chest - грудна клітка

blade - лопатка

waist - талія

hips - стегна

thigh - стегно

calf - литка, щиколотка

aheel - п'ята

asole - підошва

instep - підйом

toes - пальці ніг

ball - подушечка

armpit - пахва

upper-arm - плече

elbow - лікоть

forearm - (рука від кисті до ліктя), передпліччя

wrist - зап'ястя

joint - суглоб

palm - долоня

back - тильна сторона долоні

forefinger - вказівний палець

middle - середній палець

ringfinger - безіменний палець

littlefinger - мізинець

thumb - великий палець (руки)

careful - обережний

sprain - розтягувати зв'язки

totwist - викрутити

to pull a muscle - розтягнути м'язи

tostrain - ушкоджувати

thesurestwaytokeepfit - найвірніший шлях бути здоровим і бадьорим.

Speech exercises

I. Answer the following questions, compose a short summary of the text 

         based on your answers:

1.What's a human body?

2.What are the main parts of human body?

3.How long do the main parts of human body perform their duty?

4.What is the centre of all bodily activities?

5.What parts make a face?

6.Why are the eyes and the ears very important organs?

7.What are the main parts of the torso?

8.What do the legs consist of?

9.What are the main parts of the foot?

10. What does the arm have?

II.True or false:

 1. We hear with our eyes and we see with our ears.

2. The surest way to keep fit is not to go in for sport all our life.

3. The body consists of the following parts: a head, a torso and limbs.

     4. Our brains are the centre of all bodily activity.

     5. The legs have an armpit, the upper-arm, an elbow, a forearm and a hand.

       III. Read,translate and retellthedialogue. Play the dialogue changing      

different parts of the body:

  A: At the next lesson we must name all the parts of the body. Let us repeat them.

  B: Oh, it will be very useful. So what are the main parts of the human body?

  A: The main parts of the human body are: the head, the torso and limbo. Now tell me about the organs of breathing.

  B: The organs of breathing are: the nose, the mouth, the throat and the lungs. These organs are very important for the life of a man. I've forgotten the English for the organs which join the head to the torso.

  A: Oh, it's the neck. Tell me what does the arm consist of?

  B: The arm consists of the upper arm, the elbow and the forearm. The part from the shoulder to the elbow is the upper arm; the elbow to the elbow is the upper-arm; from the elbow to the wrist is the forearm. And what does the leg consist of?

  A: The leg consists of the thigh, the knee, the shin and the foot.

  B: We have mentioned almost everything, haven't we?

  B: Let us call it a day then.

  A: Yes, let us.

  Notes: Let us call it a day - Давайте на цьому закінчимо.

Grammar exercises

        I. Insert articles where necessary:

        1. __ room in which __ children were having their lessons was large. 2. Tower Bridge is __ first bridge over __ Thames. 3. He took __ taxi and gave __ address to __ driver. 4. On __ 12^th of October Christopher Columbus' ship reached __ land.5. Asia is __ very large continent lying to __ east of __ Europe. 6. She is __ teacher of __ English. 7. There is__ word in __ text which I cannot read. 8. __ first men were vegetarians. 9. __ Ireland, __ Scotland and __ Wales are __ parts of __ United Kingdom.

       II. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

       A man's bag, a girl's doll, the women's right, the teacher's pointer,  Jame's computer, students' songs, pupils' books, his daughter's coach, my friend's letter.

III. Translate the following sentences into English and compose the dialogue, using the following constructions:

1. Цеспортивний костюм моєї подруги. 2. Це Джекова машина. 3. Батько мого друга -відомий тренер. 4. Ви бачили нове тренажерне знаряддя мого брата? 5. Підручники студентів на столі. 6. Це ручка моєї сусідки. 7. Вікна моєї кімнати виходять в парк. 8. Ви любите книжки цього автора? 9. Де тренер цих студентів?

IV.Putallpossiblequestionstothefollowingsentences (revise grammar commentaries in Unit 3):

1.Physical training is a compulsory subject at schools and universities.

2.Gymnastics is one of the most graceful and artistic kinds of sport.

V. Give the four forms of the following verbs (look Додаток А):

        To translate, to skate, to write, to understand, to compare, to hide, to cut, to shut, to hurt, to spend.

       VI. Translate into English,then compose and retell the essay about your            family:

Моя сім'я не дуже велика. Мій батько працює у великому офісі. Він менеджер. Він знає 2 іноземні мови - англійську та італійську. Йому 40 років. Він дуже розумний і енергійний. Він дуже любить хокей і не пропускає жодної передачі з хокею. Моя мама - домогосподарка. Вона гарна. Вона захоплюється книжками. Моя сестра школярка. Вона навчається в 11 класі і дуже любить світову літературу і міфологію. Гадаю, що вона буде студенткою філологічного факультету.

  Я навчаюсь в університеті. Я студентка 3 курсу факультету фізичного виховання. Моє захоплення - це спорт, художня гімнастика. Я буду вчити маленьких дівчаток бути красивими, стрункими і граціозними.

Unit 5

Olympic Games

The world's greatest international sports games are known as the Olympic Games.

The Olympic idea means friendship, fraternity and cooperation among people of the world. The Olympic Movement proves that real peace can be achieved through sport. The Olympic emblem is five interlinked rings: blue, yellow, black, green and red. Any national flag contains at least one of these colours.

The Original Olympic Games began in ancient Greece in 776 B.C. These games were part of a festival held every fourth year in honour of God Zeus at the place called Olympia. It was a great athletic festival including competitions in wrestling, foot racing and chariot racing, rowing and others.

The games were for men only. Greek women were forbidden not only to participate but also to watch the Olympics.

The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896. Then they were resumed in London after the Second World War. Since then the Olympics were held every fourth year in different countries.

The Ancient Greeks had no winter sports. Only in 1924 the first Winter Olympic Games were held in France. Now they are being held regularly.

Notes:     

friendship - дружба

fraternity - братерство

movement- рух

toprove - доводити

interlinkedrings - взаємозв'язані кільця

atleast- принаймні

ancient - давній, стародавній

in honour - на честь

competitions- змагання

wrestling - боротьба (спортивна)

chariotracing - змагання на колісницях

rowing - гребля

toforbid- забороняти

to participate - брати участь

to resume- відновлювати

   Speech exercises

I. Answer the following questions, compose a short summary of the text 

        based on your answers:

 1. How do we call the greatest international sports games?

 2. What does the Olympic idea mean?

 3. What does the Olympic movement prove?

 4. What does the Olympic Emblem consist of?

 5. When did the first Olympic Games begin?

 6. How often were the Olympic Games held?

 7. Whose honour were they held in?

 8. Who were the games only for?

 9. Who was forbidden to participate in the Games?

 10. When were the first modern Olympic Games held?

 11. What city were they resumed in after the Second World War?

 12. Where were the first Winter Olympic Games held?

         II.True or false:

         1. Any national flag contains at least one of ten colours.

         2. The original Olympic Games began in ancient Italy in 776 B.C.

         3. These games were part of a festival held every fourth month.         

         4. These games were held in honour of God Zeus at the place called Olympia.

         III. Read,translate and retellthedialogue. Play the dialogue adding    commentaries about the latest Olimpics:

  A: Hallo, glad to see you!

  B: So, am I. I haven't seen you for a long time.

  A: I was busy, so I didn't get around very much.

  B: Let's have a walk if you don't mind.

  A: And where shall we go?

  B: To some quiet place where we can have a talk. Shall we take a bus or go on foot?

  A: You know I always prefer walking.

  B: Then let's go to Central park. There are few people there at this time.

   Grammar exercises

           I. Insert articles where necessary:

           1. I can't find ___ letter which I received yesterday. 2. In winter I usually wear ___ cap. 3. Leg of my chair is broken. 4. At ___ bus stop the girls looked at timetable. 5. At ___ bottom of ___ hill there was ___ house. 6. ___ Alps are___ highest mountains in ___ Europe. 7. ___ United States is between ___ Mexico and ___ Canada. 8. Mary is studying ___ English and ___ chemistry this year. 9. On our trip to ___ USA we crossed ___ Atlantic Ocean. 10. ___ knowledge is ___ power.

   II. Compose the sentences using the four forms of the verbs:

To study, to be, to know, to go, to clean, to visit, to find, to close, to come, to open, to sit, to work, to play, to wash.

   III. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

1.My friend is a teacher of Physical Culture.

2.The table is at the window.

3.We have English dictations every week.

        4.  These games were held in honour of God Zeus at the place called Olympia.

IV.Translatethefollowingsentences and explain their grammar structure:

1. Come here, please. 2. Go to the blackboard, please. 3. Don't come home late.              4. Don't do your lessons late in the evening. 5. Ring your mother after your classes, please. 6. Don't be late for classes. 7. Give Alice your text-book, please. 8. Don't talk at the lessons. 9. Revise your new rules before the lesson.

V. Find and correct the grammar mistakes:

        1. Mary' two children are in the kindergarten now. 2. My grannys's spectacles are on the table. 3. Anns friend Alice is having her training now. 4. The doctors's advice was very useful. 5. Peters bike is new and nice. 6. These engineers plan was discussed at the meeting. 7. The students answer were deep and interesting. 8. Our faculty' dean is a doctor of science. 9. The monkeys tricks in the zoo were funny.

Unit 6

The History of the Olympic Games

(part 1)

Long ago ancient Greeks often waged wars. Small states suffered and lost much even if they did not take any side and stayed out of wars. The ruler of such a small state, Elis, wanted to live in peace with all neighbours.

He was a good diplomat because his negotiations were successful and Elis was recognized a neutral state. To celebrate this achievement, he organized athletic games.

In the beginning this feast lasted one day, but later a whole month was devoted to it. All wars and feuds were stopped by special heralds who rode in all directions of Greece.

The games were held every four years in Olympia on the territory of Elis. The first games which later were called the Olympic Games were held about a thousand years before our era.

Usually the Olympic Games began before the middle of the summer.

Best athletes arrived from many Greek states to Olympia to compete in running, long jumps, throwing of discus and javelin and wrestling. In the course of time first fighting (boxing) and chariot races were also included in the Games.

All athletes took an oath that they had been preparing well for the Games and promised to compete honestly and keep the rules of the sacred Olympics.

The athletes took part in all kinds of competitions. Winners were called «olympionics», they were awarded olive wreaths and cups of olive oil.

This tradition has survived.

In our time sportsmen often get cups and wreaths for winning the first place in sports competitions.

The olympionics of ancient Greece became very popular. Best craftsmen were chosen to make honourary cups; many poets wrote and recited in public poems about the best athletes. Sculptors made their statues which were put up at the birthplace of the winners.

Notes:

ancient - давній, стародавній

to wage a war - вести війну

to suffer and lose - страждати і губити

        ruler - правитель

neighbour - сусід

negotiations - переговори

achievement - досягнення

fest - свято

todevote - присвячувати

warsandfeuds - війни і розбрат

herald - вістівник, гонець

tocompete- змагатися

longjumping - стрибки в довжину

throwingofdiscussandjavelin -метання диска і списа

to take an oath - давати клятву

to promise - обіцяти

sacred - священний

toaward - нагороджувати

olivewreath - вінок з оливкового дерева

tosurvive - виживати, зберігати

craftsman - майстер, ремісник

    Speech exercises

I. Answer the following questions, compose a short summary of the text 

        based on your answers:

1.What did many ancient states suffer of?

2.The ruler of what state wanted to live in peace with all his neighbours?

3.Why were his negotiations successful?

4.What did he organize to celebrate this achievement?

5.How long did the feast last in the beginning?

6.What was stopped during the Games?

7.What territory were the games held on?

8.What season did the Olympic Games usually begin?

9.What did the best athletes compete in?

10.What oath did the athletes take?

11.How were the winners called?

12.What tradition survived till our days?

13.Who was chosen to make honourary cups for the best winners?

II. True or false:

1. The games were held every five year in Olympia on the territory of Elis.

2. The olympionics of ancient Greece became very popular.

     3. Usually the Olympic Games began after the middle of the summer.

4. The athletes took part in all kinds of competitions.

5. All wars and feuds were stopped.

6. Long ago ancient Greeks rarely waged wars.

7. All athletes took an oath.

III. Insert prepositions where necessary:

      1. The rulers ___ many states wanted to live ___ peace.

      2. Later ancient Greece began to devote a month ___ the feast.

      3. The Games were held ___ Olympia.

      4. Usually all athletes were well prepared ___ the Games.

      5. Many kinds of sport were included ___ the Games. 

IV. Compose and play the dialogue on the topic of the text.

Grammar exercises

I. Study the grammar commentaries and find these realia in the text:

§ 1. The Present PerfectTense

Present Perfect вживається для вираження дії, яка відбулася до моменту мовлення, і той, хто говорить, має на увазі результат цієї минулої дії, її важливість на момент мовлення.

PresentPerfect утворюється із допоміжного дієслова tohave в PresentIndefinite і дієприкметника минулого часу (третьої форми / PastParticiple/ ParticipleII) основного дієслова. 

PastParticiple правильних дієслів утворюється додаванням до інфінітива без частки toзакінчення -ed, тобто за формою PastParticiple правильних дієслів не відрізняється від PastIndefinite:

toexamine - examined

topublish - published

PastParticiple неправильних дієслів треба запам'ятати (третя колонка в таблиці неправильних дієслів):

to steal - stole

to catch - caught

I have worked.               We have worked.

You have worked.          You have worked.

He has worked.              They have worked.

She has worked.

В усному мовленні вживаються переважно скорочені форми:

I've worked [aɪv].                We've worked [wɪ:v].

You've worked [ju:v].You've worked [ j:v].

He's worked [hɪ:z].              They've worked [deɪv].

She's worked [ʃɪ:z].

It's worked [ɪts].

У заперечній формі після допоміжного дієслова вживається частка not:

The judge has not come yet.

Скорочена заперечна форма, часто вживана у розмовному мовленні, має два варіанта:

I haven't = I've not

He hasn't = He's not

You haven't changed.

У запитальній формі допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом:

Have you examined the evidence?

Has he solved that problem?

Час дії, вираженої дієсловом в PresentPerfect, зазвичай не вказується, оскільки в центрі уваги - результат дії, а не час, коли вона відбувалася.

You have not told us the whole story.

What have you done?

(Спеціальне запитання, яке починається питальним словом whenв PresentPerfect не існує!)

PresentPerfect вживається у реченнях з обставинами часу, які:

а) позначають проміжок часу, який почався у минулому і продовжувався до моменту мовлення:uptonow, tothepresent - на цей час, lately - недавно, останнім часом, recently - останнім часом, sofar - до цих пір, since - з тих пір, notyet - ще не:

Up to now we have interrogated five witnesses.

They have not shown me all the evidence yet.

б) позначають проміжок часу, який ще не закінчився:today - сьогодні, thisweek - цього тижня,thismonth - цього місяця, thisyear - цього року, thismorning - цього ранку (якщо ранок ще триває):

          Twenty million dollars have been stolen from that bank this week.

          PresentPerfect вживається також у реченнях з прислівниками неозначеного часу і частотності:ever - коли-небудь, never - ніколи, often - часто, seldom - рідко, already - вже, just - щойно:

           I have never been to New York.

We have already come to the conclusion.

§ 2.  ThePassiveVoice

В англійській мові дієслова вживаються як у активному стані (theActiveVoice), так і у пасивному (thePassiveVoice).Якщо підметом речення є суб'єкт дії (тобто особа чи предмет, що виконує дію), то дієслово-присудок вживається в активному стані:

Thelawyerwrotethisletteryesterday.

Якщо підметом речення є об'єкт дії (тобто особа чи предмет, на які направлено дію), то дієслово-присудок вживається в пасивному стані:

This letter was written yesterday.

        У разі необхідності суб'єкт дії може бути виражений за допомогою додатка з прийменником by(якщо суб'єкт - жива істота) або with(якщо суб'єктом дії є предмет):

This letter was writtenby the lawyer.

This letter was written with a pen.

Усі часові форми пасивного стану в англійській мові утворюються із відповідних часів допоміжного дієслова tobe і дієприкметника минулого часу (третьої форми / PastParticiple / ParticipleII) основного дієслова.

Дієприкметники минулого часу (третя форма / PastParticiple / ParticipleII) правильних дієслів утворюються за допомогою закінчення -ed, яке додається до інфінітива без частки to, тобто так само, як і стверджувальна форма PastIndefinite цих дієслів.

PastParticiple неправильних дієслів утворюється по-різному, і ці форми треба запам'ятати (третя колонка в таблиці неправильних дієслів).

Present (Past, Future) IndefinitePassive утворюється із допоміжного дієслова tobe в Present (Past,Future) Indefinite і дієприкметника минулого часу (третьої форми / PastParticiple / ParticipleII) основного дієслова:

          Present IndefinitePassive:       I am examined.

                                                 He (she, it) is examined.

                                                 We (you, they) are examined.

Past Indefinite Passive:            I was examined.

                                                 He (she, it) was examined.

                                                 We (you, they) were examined.

Future Indefinite Passive         I will be examined.

                                                We will be examined.

He (she, it) will be examined.

You (they) will be examined.

Present Perfect Passive утворюється із допоміжного дієслова tobe в Present Perfect і дієприкметника минулого часу (третьої форми / PastParticiple / ParticipleII) основного дієслова:

          Present Perfect Passive:      I (we, you, they) have been examined.

                                           He (she, it) has been examined.

У заперечній формі частка not ставиться після допоміжного дієслова:

               I am not forgotten.

     He is not charged with that crime.

     They are not accused.

     She was not sent there.

     They were not found.

Якщо допоміжне дієслово вживається в одній із складних форм, заперечна частка notставиться після першого допоміжного дієслова:

          We will not be saved.

They will not be asked.

We have not been interrogated.

The child has not been kidnapped.

У запитальній формі допоміжне дієслово ставиться перед підметом:

Was that law annulled last year?

Were all the measures taken?

У випадку, якщо допоміжне дієслово стоїть у одній із складних форм, перед підметом ставиться перше допоміжне дієслово:

          Will the telegram be sent in time?

 Has the contract been signed?

II. Insert articles where neсessary:

     1. Is there ___ post office near ___ house you live in? 2. Turn to ___ left and walk-short distance down ___ street. 3. In ___ fifteenth century ___ people knew only three continents: ___ Europe, ___ Asia and ___ Africa. 4. I have ___ letter to give you. 5. Are ___ students at ___ stadium? 6. ___ newspapers are on ___ table.

    III. Change the following sentences into plurals:

       1. This is a new computer. 2. This is a interesting book. 3. That is my training suit. 4. That is our new student. 5. This is my friend's car. 6. That is Ben's pencilbox. 7. This slim girl is my sister. 8. That is a letter from my mother. 9. This lesson is difficult.

     IV. Give the four forms of the following verbs:

 To understand, to promise, to save, to sledge, to dance, to put, to resemble, to find.

     V. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

1.There are many historical buildings and monuments in Kyiv.

2.The traffic in our city is very heavy.

3.We had two seminars last week.

 VI. Translate the following into English, compose your essay on the topic:

Мій друг має гарну квартиру в центрі міста. Вона на п'ятому поверсі багатоквартирного будинку. Вітальня - це найбільша кімната. Їдальня трохи менша. Меблі у квартирі сучасні і зручні. У мого друга є і своя кімната. Вона праворуч від входу.Ліворуч від входу - кімната зі спортивним знаряддям для щоденних тренувань мого друга.

Unit7

TheHistoryoftheOlympicGames

(PartII)

OnlymencouldtakepartintheOlympicGames. Womenwerenotallowedevento watch the competitions at the stadium under the fear of death penalty. There was a single exception, when a woman coached her son and accompanied him to the stadium in men's clothes. That brave woman was spared the penalty because her son excelled in many events.

Magnificent strong bodies inspired artists and sculptors. They painted wall pictures and made statues of marble and bronze, so now we can admire the corporal beauty of ancient and eternally young discus thrower, javelin bearer and others.

The Olympic Games had been held for about eleven hundred years, until the emperor Theodosius banned them for religious reasons in 394 A.D.

The revival of the Olympic Games began long time afterwards, in 1892, when a young French teacher Pierre de Coubertin made a public speech before the Union of French sports clubs in Paris.

At that time many people in many countries practised various kinds of sports and games. They wanted to make friends and compete with sportsmen from other lands. Pierre de Coubertin understood the importance of sports which unified peoples of the world and served the cause of peace like in ancient time.

On the 23rd of June 1894 the International Congress of amateur sportsmen made an important decision: to revive the Olympic Games and to establish the International Olympic Committee which would be responsible for the administration of the modern Olympic Games. The first Committee consisted of 12 members.

 Now 82 members of the International Olympic Committee control the affairs of all member countries which joined the Olympic movement.

Notes:

to accompany - супроводжувати

to pronounce speeches - робити промови, промовляти

under the fear of death penalty - під страхом смертельної кори

exception - виключення, виняток

tocoach - тренувати

to be spared of penalty - запобігати покаранню

to excell in many events - відзначитися в багатьох змаганнях

magnificent strong bodies - чудові сильні тіла

eternally young -вічно молодий

toban - забороняти

revival - відродження

to serve the cause of peace - служити справі миру

amateur sportsman - спортсмен-аматор

responsible - відповідальний

to inspire - надихати

corporal beauty - краса тіла

        Speech exercises

    I. Answer the following questions, compose a short summary of the text 

            based on your answers:

1.What were the Olympic Games accompanied by?

2.What women had an exceptional right to watch the Games?

3.Why can we still see magnificent strong bodies of ancient athletes?

4.Who banned the Olympic Games?

5.Why did Theodosius do it?

6.What was Pierre de Coubertin?

7.What did the young French teacher understand?

8.When did the International Congress of amateur sportsmen make a very important decision?

9.How many members did the first Committee consist of?

10.How many country-members are there in the Committee now?

       II. True or false:

  1. Magnificent strong bodies inspired artists and sculptors.

  2. The Olympic Games had been held for about ten hundred years.

       3. The revival of the Olympic Games began long time afterwards.

  4. Michel Jackson understood the importance of sports which unified peoples.

5. Emperor Theodosius allowed the Games for religious reasons in 394 A.D.

6. The first Committee consisted of 10 members.

7. OnlymencouldtakepartintheOlympicGames.

       III. Insert prepositions:

1.The Olympic Games began ___ the middle ___ summer.

2. Not all people could take part ___ the Games.

3.The captain ___ the team asked the coach to explain the rule again.

4. Don't be angry ___   me, the girl said.

5.He spoke-such a loud voice that we couldn't understand anything.

6.I asked to read books ___ voyages ___ my children.

7.He is pleased ___ his holiday.

8.He looked ___ all the telegrams very quickly and gave them___the secretary.

9.Excuse me, how can I get ___ the bookshop? It's ___there ___ the right.

10.Please, ask that man what time it is___his watch.

  IV. Compose and play the dialogue on the topic of the text.

       Grammar exercises

       I. Insert articles where necessary:

1. «Just ___moment, please», ___ shop-assistant said. 2. This summer my friend is having his holiday in___ country. 3. At___ end of ___August I shall go to London. 4. ___ largest and deepest ocean in___ world is___Pacific. 5.___ Urals are old mountains, ___ Caucasus are much younger. 6. Which is ___ longest island in___ world? 7. Some children don't like___noisy games.

       II. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

1. There was a single exception, when a woman coached her son.

     2. There were many foreign sportsmen at the last competitions.

  III. Give the four forms of the next verbs and compose the sentences:

      To found, to translate, to congratulate, to miss, to burn, to lead, to keep, to stand,  to sing, to recognize, to swim, to have, to jump, to win, to compete, to throw, to find.

  IV. Use demonstrative pronouns:

  1. ___is a classroom.

  2. They know ___ rule very well.

  3. ___ man was her uncle.

  4. ___is a good book.

  5. Take___ copy-books, don't take___ ones.

       6. ___ winter is rather cold.

       7. ___ lines are straight.

       8. We have not seen ___ boys yet.

  V. Use possessive pronouns:

1. ___story is very long. 2. Don't take this chair, ___leg is broken. 3. ___ classroom is on the first floor. 4. I haven't seen ___ wall newspaper yet. 5. She took off ___ coat and hat and sat down to wait for ___ friend. 6. He asked me what ___ name was and wrote it down in ___ notebook. 7. You can leave___ bags in the cloakroom. 8. The travellers took ___ seats and the car started ___ way. 9. ___ little brothers are twins.

  VI. Translate the sentences into English, compose negatives and   interrogatives:

1. Поверніть йому його бутси, коли побачите його. 2. Ми запросили їх на наше спортивне змагання, і вони обіцяли прийти зі своїми друзями. 3. Мама попросила принести її журнали з кімнати. 4. Ми зняли тренувальні костюми і пішли додому. 5. Мій брат дав мені свої ковзани. 6. Вони повинні зупинити своє тренування. 

VII. Convert these sentences into Past Simple, Present Simple, Future Simple or Present Perfect (Active and Passive).

Unit 8

Summer and Winter Sports

People all over the world are very fond of sports and games. That is one of the things in which people of every nationality and class are united.

The most popular outdoor winter sports are shooting, hunting, and hockey and, in the countries where the weather is frosty and there is much snow -- skating, skiing and tobogganing. It's so nice to go to the skating-rink on a frosty sunny day. Some people prefer to be out of town in such weather and to sledge or to ski in the woods. Many people greatly enjoy figure-skating and ski-jumping.

Summer affords excellent opportunities for swimming, boating, yachting, cycling, gliding and many other sports. Among outdoor games football takes the first place in public interests, this game is played in all the countries of the world.

The other games that have firmly established themselves in favuor in different countries are cricket, volleyball, basket­ball, and so on. Badminton is also very popular both with young and old.

All the year round many people indulge in boxing, wrestling, gymnastics and track-and-field events. Scores of young girls and women go in for calisthenics. Over the last few years aerobics has become popular with young girls and women. Aerobics helps them to be slim, healthy and strong.

 The interest for it greatly increased thanks to Jane Fonda, a prominent American actress, the founder of this kind of sport. This woman may serve as an impressive example of inexhaustible health, cheerfulness and beauty.

Being a great enthusiast of aerobics she has been trying to initiate many women all over the world into this sport.

Among indoor games which one can go in for all the year round are billiards, table tennis, draughts, chess, of course. The results of chess tournaments are studied and discussed by enthusiasts in different countries.

So we have all grounds to say that sport is one of the things that makes people kin.

Notes:

to be fond of - захоплюватись, любити

outdoorwintersports - зимові види спорту на відкритому повітрі

shooting - стрільба

hunting - полювання

frosty - морозний

tobogganing - санний спорт

tosledge - кататися на санях

toenjoy - насолоджуватись

toaffordexcellentopportunity - надавати чудову можливість

boating - кататися на човні

yachting - кататися на яхті

cycling - велоспорт

gliding - планерний вид спорту

firmly- твердо

toindulge - захоплюватись

wrestling - боротьба (спортивна)

scores of young girls - безліч дівчат

calisthenics - художня гімнастика, ритмічна гімнастика

slim - стрункий

prominentactress - видатна актриса

founder - засновник

impressiveexample - яскравий приклад

inexhaustible - невичерпний, невтомний

cheerfulness - радісний

toinitiate - залучати кого-небудь до чого-небудь 

draughts - шашки

        Speech exercises

    I. Answer the following questions, compose a short essay based on your 

            answers:

1.What are people all over the world fond of?

2.What unites people of every nationality?

3.What are the most important outdoor winter sports?

4.When do people like to go to the skating-rink?

5.Where can people sledge or ski?

6.What opportunities does summer afford?

7.What kind of sports takes the first place in public interests?

8.What kind of sports is popular all the year round?

9.Who was the founder of aerobics?

10.What example can Jane Fonda serve for the rest of women?

11.What indoor games can we go in for all the year round?

       II. True or false:

       1. The most popular indoor winter sports are shooting, hunting, and hockey.

  2. People all over the world are not very fond of sports and games.

 3. Badminton is also very popular both with young and old.

 4. It's so nice to go to the skating-rink on a frosty sunny night.

5. Scores of young girls and women go in for calisthenics.

       III. Insert prepositions where necessary:

   1. Young men ___ the world go___ different kinds of indoor and outdoor summer sports. 2. Both indoor and outdoor games are popular ___ them. 3. Children and adults like to ski ___ a frosty winter day. 4. ___ the last few years aerobics has become popular ___ young girls. 5. The founder ___ aerobics was American actress Jane Fonda.

        IV. Complete and retell the dialogue. Compose and play the variants adding new places and sports:

A: Glad to see you. You known I am going to visit London.

B: Oh, how splendid! When are you leaving?

A: I suppose in two weeks.

B: I went to London with a water-polo team last year.

A: Can you tell me some interesting facts about your competitions in London?

B: With pleasure............................................................................................

        Grammar exercises

        I. Insert articles where necessary:

    1. We liked ___ red flowers in her garden. 2. When ___ moon goes down and ___ sun comes up in ___ sky, ___ earth looks its best. 3.___ lion is ___ king of all beasts. 4. This is ___ good red apple. 5. Where is ___ red apple which I have left here? 6. My parents do not like to travel by ___ sea. 7. ___ new school will be built in our street. 8. Kitty came up to bed and took ___ child. 9. Our football team is ___ strongest in ___ district. 10. Mary and Pete go to ___school.

  II. Put personal pronouns in the objective case:

  1. I must speak to (he). 2. She asked (I) to help (they). 3. My friends came to see (we) yesterday. 4. The box you wanted to give (she) is on my table. 5. My brother wanted to help (we) but we tried to do it ourselves without even saying (he) anything. 6. Please, give (I) one cup of coffee more. 7. He made (we) feel really sorry for (he). 8. Where is the book? - Don't you see (it) on the shelf? 9. I have two extra pens. You may take any of (they).

  III. Put all possible questions and convert them into negative:

1.I have much work to do today.

2.You are an intelligent and clever man.

3.There are many mistakes in your last composition.

Unit 9

Remedial Gymnastics

Remedial gymnastics is a medical treatment and prophylactic of diseases by means of physical culture.

An instructor in physical culture must have a clear understanding of the essence of the disease and the effect produced by certain physical exercises. He must know the indications and contraindications for the application of curative gymnastics.

Unlike other methods of treatment curative gymnastics has no ready-made prescriptions. Every patient needs a special set of exercises which will prove the most effective in his case. These sets of exercises must change as the patient's condition improves. The instructor in curative gymnastics treating the patient by means of physical culture must keep an eye even on the minutest changes in his organism; inform the physician about them so as to change accordingly the methods of curative gymnastics and the quantity of exercises.

Medical treatment by means of physical culture is a creative process and the effect of treatment depends upon the instructor's qualification, i. e. his knowledge, experience and pedagogical skill.

Every instructor in physical culture must know the fundamentals of curative gymnastics. It is most important for introducing physical culture into the lift of higher school students, pupils of schools and middle-aged and elderly persons in particular.

Physical culture is of the greatest importance for patients in sanatoria, hospitals, policlinics and kindergartens.

Notes:

remedialgymnastics -лікувальна фізкультура

medicaltreatment - медичне лікування

disease - хвороба

clear understanding of the essence - добре розуміння суті

indicationsandcontraindications - показання та протипоказання

application - застосування

unlikeothermethods - на відміну від інших методів

ready-madeprescriptions - готові рецепти

toimprove - удосконалювати, виправляти

mustkeepaneyeon - повинен уважно стежити

minutest changes - найменші зміни

physician - лікар

quantityofexercises - кількість вправ

creativeprocess - творчий процес

experience - досвід

skill - майстерність, уміння

middle-agedpersons - люди середнього віку

a patient - хворий, пацієнт

in case of necessity - у разі необхідності

        Speech exercises

    I. Answer the following questions, compose a short summary of the text 

        based on your answers:

1. What is a remedial gymnastics?

2. What understandings of the disease must an instructor of physical culture have?

3. What sets of exercises must change the patient's condition?

4. Who must an instructor in curative gymnastics inform in case of minutest change in     patient's organism?

5. What kind of process is medical treatment by means of physical culture?

6. What does the effect of treatment depend on?

7. Why is it important for every instructor of physical culture to know the fundamentals of curative gymnastics?

8. Where is remedial gymnastics of the greatest importance?

II. True or false:

1. Medical treatment by means of physical culture is not a creative process.

2. Remedial gymnastics is a medical treatment and prophylactic of diseases.

3. Curative gymnastics has many ready-made prescriptions.

4. Instructor in physical culture may know the fundamentals of curative gymnastics.

5. All must know the indications and contraindications for the application of curative gymnastics.

III. Insert prepositions where necessary:

1.Remedial (curative) gymnastics treats some diseases ___ means ___ physical culture. 2. It's very important ___ an instructor to understand the essence___ the diseases. 3. Some people need a special set ___ exercises. 4. An instructor must keep an eye ___ the minutest changes ___ the organism ___ a patient. 5. It's very important to introduce curative gymnastics ___ sanatoria and polyclinic. 6. ___ the events the Romans introduced was the wooden horse ___ which they practiced mounting and dismounting. 7. The origin ___ gymnastics can be traced back ___ the ancient civilization ___ China, Persia, India and Greece. 8. There's a country ___ the world where young lads do not go ___ wrestling. 9. Skiing as a competitive sport is divided___ 5 sections: cross ___country, ski-jumping, Alpine events, Nordic combination and biathlon. 10. The year of 1903 marked the beginning ___ a new era ___ professional and amateur wrestling.

IV. Read,translate and retellthedialogue. Play the dialogue adding other symptoms and recomendations:

A: I am feeling fit for nothing.

B: You must stay at home and call the doctor in.

A: Yes, I think you are right

B: What's the matter with you?

A: I have a splitting headache.

B: Your fase is red and you have a running nose. Evidently you have a cold. When did you manage to get it?

A: I don't know myself. I must have caught cold last night after a game of football.

B: Last evening was cold and windy. Now you'll have to stay in.

A: Oh, that's fine. We have a test-paper in English tomorrow, so I will not have to write it. That's what I call good luck.

B: Oh, don't talk nonsense. Just get into bed and I'll call the doctor in.

         Notes:

         I am feeling fit for nothing -Я відчуваю себе ні на що не здатним

  Ihaveasplittingheadache- У мене дуже болить голова

  Youhavearunningnose- У тебе нежить (у тебе тече з носа)

  evidently - мабуть

         have a cold -застудитися

         togetin- підхопити (хворобу, застуду)

         Grammar exercises

         I. Insert articles where necessary:

  1. ___sun has set. ___ sky was dark. And against this sky suddenly ___very little figure appeared. 2. H.G. Well's best novel is « ___ first Man ___ Moon». 3. Was there ___ forest near ___ village you lived in last year? 4. ___ Neva is ___ very beautiful river. 5. ___ Mont Blanc, ___highest mountain in ___Alps, is ___ highest mountain in ___ Europe. 6. « ___ Time» is one of the English newspapers. 7. Which is ___ highest mountain in ___ North America? 8. I like to drink ___ coffee in ___ morning. In ___ evening I drink ___ strong tea. 9. Please, pass me ___ tea or it will    get cold. 10. ___ lemons you bought yesterday are very nice.

II. Find and correct the grammar mistakes:

 1. Got ready for your test paper, please. 2. Helped me to translate this difficult sentences into Ukrainian, please. 3. Give my your pen, please me is broken. 4. Please gone not to the blackboard and not wrote down the date. 5. Passes me that salt, please. 6. Opens the window it's very stuffy here. 7. Looks at the blackboard and found irregular verbs in the sentences. 8. Note everything during your visit to the art gallery. 9. Take the textbooks, open them and find the lesson.

       III. Put the following into the negative form:

1. Take this text, please.

2. Find exercise seven.

3. Close the door.

4. Retell the text, please.

5. Learn this poem by heart.

6. Sit down and start work, please.

7. Repeat the new words after me, please.

8. Revise the rules at home, please.

9. Copy out the text into your exercise books, please.

10. Put your books into the bags, please.

IV. Put all possible questions to the following sentences:

1.Fred is a good tennis-player.

2.These skates are new.

3.Their victory is very important.

 Unit 10

Physical Training Lesson

As we are students of Physical Culture Faculty we have a physical training lesson every day. At the beginning of such a lesson the coach gives the command «Line up!»  («Fall in!») and we line up in a single or double fill.

Next come the commands «Dress!», «Eyes right (left, front)», «Look at your tiptoes!», «Stand your tiptoes in a straight line!». One of the students of your group gives the report.

He says: «Shun! Comrade coach, our group is ready for our physical training lesson». Then comes the coache's greeting, and we hear our coache's command again: «At ease!» We stand relaxed while he explains the object of the lesson.

During the lesson our coach gives different commands: «Attention! Count in twos!», «Right turn!», «Forward march!» («Ready go!»), «Round about turn!», «Double time march!», «Slow down!», «Keep in step!», «Break!» etc. We perform different exercises depending on the kind of sport in which we engage.

But we always begin our lesson with free standing exercises. Now we are at the physical training lesson in gymnastics. After several commands and preparations gymnasts begin their lesson.

        They swing and circle, perform exercises with different apparatus. At the end of the lesson we again live up in a single file and say goodbye to our coach. Our lesson is over.

Notes:

coach - тренер

«Lineup!»,«Fallin!» -  шикуватися в (лінійку)

tolineupinasingleordoubleline - рівнятися в одну або в дві лінії

«Dress» - «Рівняйсь!»

«Eyesright!» - «Рівняння праворуч!»

«Lookatyourtiptoes!» - «Рівняння на носки!»

«Shun!» - «Струнко!»

greeting - привітання

«Atease» - «Вільно!»

torelax - розслаблятися

object - ціль, тема

«Attention!» - «Увага! Струнко!»

«Countintwos!» - «Рахуйся на «перший і другий»!»

«Right turn» - «Праворуч!»

«Round about turn!» - «Кругом!»

«Double time march » - «Бігом!»

«Slow Down!» - «Повільнити крок!»

«Keep in step!» -«Тримати ногу!»

«Break!» - «Розійтись!»

toengage - займатися , бути зайнятим

freestandingexercises - вільні вправи

swingandcircleexercises - вправи на гойдання і кругові рухи

to say good bye to - попрощатися

        Speech exercises

    I. Answer the following questions, compose a short summary of the text 

            based on your answers:

1.Why do you have a physical training lesson almost every day?

2.What command does the coach give us at the beginning of the lesson?

3.What is the next command?

4.Who gives a report to the coach?

5.What does the student on duty say?

6.When does the coach give the command «At ease!»?

7.When do we stand relaxed?

8.What another command does the coach give us during the lesson?

9.What do our physical exercises depend on?

10.What exercises do we always begin our training lesson?

       II. True or false:

1. At the beginning of such a lesson the coach gives the command «Break!».

2. At the end of the lesson we again live up in a single file.

3. We never begin our lesson with free standing exercises.

4. We stand relaxed while he explains the object of the lesson.

        III. Insert prepositions or adverbs wherever necessary:

1. ___ all cities there are many ____ hotels, museums, universities and schools. 2. Shall I engage seats ___ you ____ the theatre. 3. ____ the beginning ___ the lesson the coach gives the command. 4. ____ the lesson we can hear some more commands. 5. Our training lesson always begins ___ free standing exercises. 6. Do you bathing ____ the sea or ____ the river? 7. We say good bye ___ the coach ____ the end ____ the lesson.

IV. Retellthedialogue. Play the dialogue adding different kinds of sport:

A: What are you doing tomorrow evening?

B: I suppose, I shall be training.

A: Why not to go to the stadium? We are going to play football. We want a spare half-back.

B: I am afraid I am not much a football player.

A: Nonsense. You will be able to play all right.

B: O.K. I'll come

Grammar exercises

I. Insert articles wherever necessary:

1. ___ youth Games are ___ product of ___ 20^th century. 2. We engaged ___ room beforehand at ___ «Olimpus Hotel». 3. I always go to ___ University ___taxi or bus. 4. We are going to pitch a camp ___ the wood ____ this summer. 5. What exercises do you perform at___physical training lesson? 6. They told us ___ funny story which happened at ____ competitions with them. 7. ___ little girl tried to jump over ___ rope without touching it. 8. We started___game when__ coach came. 9. We learnt ___ great deal by listening to___ spoken English.

II. Complete the sentences:

1. I know her well. Let___call to her. 2. We have some sports time. Let___go to the park. 3. He reads much. Let___make this report. 4. The students are tired. Let-have a short rest. 5. I can do this exercise well. Let___show it. 6. My sister knows English well. Let___help you. 7. This little boy never played a computer. Let___use it. 8. Our coach is late. Let ___ start our training lesson ourselves. 9. Whose ball is it? - Nobody's. Let___ remain here. 10. It looks like rain. Let___hurry home.

III. Translate the following sentences, compose and play short dialogues      using these constructions:

        1. Нехай цей студент покаже нам нову вправу. 2. Давайте підемо в басейн всією групою. 3. Нехай він завжди здає рапорт нашому тренеру. 4. Давайте подаруємо квіти цим переможцям. 5. Нехай студенти тренуються сьогодні самі. 6. Давайте ви розповісте нам, як можна добратися до цього стадіону. 7. Нехай вони допоможуть вам підготувати зал для змагань. 8. Давайте зробимо так, щоб наша команда перемогла на Олімпіаді. 9. Нехай дівчата приберуть кімнату і йдуть до плавального басейну. 10. Давайте оголосимо про змагання на третій парі.